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梅花开尽百花开: TFE3融合基因融合谱的故事
转录因子E3(TFE3)是转录因子螺旋-环-螺旋MiT转录基因家族4个成员之一 [1]。TFE3基因即重链免疫球蛋白增强子TFE3,位于X染色体短臂11.22,长14.78kb。该基因在人体广泛分布,并参与多种基因的调节 [2]。
2017年5月,《Nat Med》杂志发表一篇重量级文章,纪念MSKCC癌症研究中心的科学家采用MSK-IMPACT方法,开展了一项大规模、前瞻性的临床测序研究,他们对1万多名晚期癌症患者,接近300多种肿瘤进行基因二代测序,同时收集这些患者的临床注释、病理等方面的信息,其中TFE3融合10例,肾癌占2.24% (7/313),其中融合相关性肾癌6例,融合伙伴为SFPQ (2例),ASPSCR1 (2例),PRCC (1例)和FUBP1 (1例),透明细胞癌1例,融合伙伴为NONO;软组织肿瘤占0.68% (3/438),其中血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤1例,融合伙伴为DVL2,上皮样血管内皮瘤1例,融合伙伴为YAP1和腺泡状软组织肉瘤1例,融合伙伴为ASPSCR1 [3]。
Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌是2004年WHO肾癌分类中新增的一个亚型,其命名来源于肿瘤中均含伴染色体Xp11.2形成的融合基因,目前已知的基因融合类型至少有8种,其中5种位点明确,分布是t(X; 1) (p11.2; q21)导致的PRCC-TFE3融合基因 [4]、t(X; 17) (p11.2; q25)导致的ASPSCR1-TFE3融合基因 [5]、t(X; 17) (p11.2; q23)导致的CLTC-TFE3融合基因 [6]、t(X; 1) (p11.2; p34)导致的SFPQ-TFE3融合基因以及inv(X) (p11; q12)导致的NONO-TFE3融合基因 [7],其他类型包括RBM10-TFE3融合,SFPQ-TFE3融合,FUBP1-TFE3融合,ARID1B-TFE3融合,DVL2-TFE3融合,PARP14-TFE3融合,LUC7L3-TFE3融合,KHSRP-TFE3融合 [8-10]。
软组织肿瘤分布广、类型多、形态结构复杂多变,且不同类型的软组织形态上相互重叠;近10年由于分子病理学的迅猛发展,TFE3融合及其融合伙伴的研究逐渐深入,腺泡状软组织肉瘤存在ASPSCR1-TEF3融合,其他软组织瘤包括血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤存在SFPQ-TFE3融合和NONO-TFE3融合、颗粒细胞瘤存在ASPSCR1-TEF3融合、黑色素瘤存在NONO-TFE3融合、实性上皮样血管内皮瘤存在YAP1-TFE3融合和CAMTA1-TFE3融合 [10-12]。
TFE3融合基因肿瘤谱较窄,伴TFE3融合基因的肿瘤如腺泡状软组织肉瘤、血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤及Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合肾癌等具有共同的细胞形态学特点,提示TFE3基因及其编码的蛋白在肿瘤的发生中可能起到比较特异的作用。随着二代测序技术应用于临床疑难病例的鉴别诊断,像EWSR1,TFE3,BCOR等经典融合基因及其各种类型的融合伙伴,使得越来越多疑难病例患者得到正确精准的治疗,延长了患者的总生存时间。因此,二代测序技术的全面应用和普及有着得天独厚的优势。
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