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火眼金睛,神兵利器:EWSR1融合基因融合谱的故事
2017年5月,《Nat Med》杂志发表一篇重量级文章,纪念MSKCC癌症研究中心的科学家采用MSK-IMPACT方法,开展了一项大规模、前瞻性的临床测序研究,他们对1万多名晚期癌症患者,接近300多种肿瘤进行基因二代测序,同时收集这些患者的临床注释、病理等方面的信息,其中EWSR1融合71例,尤文肉瘤占78.37%(29/37),其中25例融合伙伴为FLI1,3例融合伙伴为ERG,1例融合伙伴为ETV4;软组织肉瘤占7.21%(31/430),其中⑴促纤维增生性小圆细胞肿瘤87.50%(21/24),19例融合伙伴为WT1,1例融合伙伴为RIC3,1例融合伙伴为SLC25A37;⑵透明细胞肉瘤占100%(3/3),融合伙伴分别为C11orf49,CREB1和ATF1;⑶纤维肉瘤占40%(2/5),融合伙伴分别为CREB3L1和CREB3L2;⑷软骨肉瘤5.71%(2/35),融合伙伴均为NR4A3;⑸软组织肌上皮癌20%(1/5),融合伙伴为ZNF444;⑹硬化性上皮样纤维肉瘤占50%(1/2),融合伙伴为CREB3L1;⑺未分化多形性肉瘤/恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1.69%(1/59),融合伙伴为ERG;⑻平滑肌肉瘤2.50%(1/40),融合伙伴为AP1B1;涎腺癌占42.86%(3/7),黏液表皮样癌,肌上皮癌和其他类型各1例,融合伙伴均为ATF1;头颈部肿瘤占1.20%(2/166),1例为牙源性透明细胞癌,融合伙伴为ATF1,另1例为牙源性癌,融合伙伴为FLI1;乳腺癌占0.16% (2/1238),均为浸润性导管癌,融合伙伴为RASL10A和MTMR3;非小细胞肺癌占0.06%(1/1563),为肺腺癌,融合伙伴EMID1;膀胱癌占0.25%(1/405),融合伙伴为SLC25A37;前列腺癌占0.16%(1/623),融合伙伴为GAS2L1 [1]。
软组织肿瘤分布广、类型多、形态结构复杂多变,且不同类型的软组织形态上相互重叠;近10年由于分子病理学的迅猛发展,EWSR1融合及其融合伙伴的研究逐渐深入,约85%的尤文肉瘤会导致EWSR1-FLI1融合,该融合在尤文肉瘤发生中发挥重要的转录因子作用。尤文肉瘤还有EWSR1其他融合伙伴,包括EWSR1-ERG,EWSR1-ETV1,EWSR1-ETV4,EWSR1-FEV,EWSR1-NFATC2,EWSR1-POU5F1,EWSR1-SMARCA5,EWSR1-PATZ1,EWSR-SP3,EWSR1-ETS,EWSR1-ELF5 [2-6]。
其他软组织肿瘤也可出现EWSR1融合,包括⑴约90%的软组织透明细胞肉瘤中存在EWSR1-ATF1融合,6%的患者中存在EWSR1-CREB1融合;⑵血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤:该肿瘤超过90%为EWSR1-CREB1融合,少数为EWSR1-ATF1融合;⑶骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤:至少90%的肿瘤具有EWSR1-NR4A3融合,该融合伙伴在其他肉瘤中尚未发现,可作为分子诊断标志,少数肿瘤存在EWSR1-TAF15融合;⑷促结缔组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤:该肿瘤特征性是EWSR1-WT1融合;⑸软组织肌上皮瘤/肌上皮癌/混合瘤:EWSR1融合在腮腺以外肌上皮性肿瘤中较常见,45%存在EWSR1-POU5F1融合,16%存在EWSR1-PBX1融合,少数肌上皮肿瘤还存在EWSR1-ZNF444融合;⑹黏液脂肪肉瘤:少数存在EWSR1-DDIT3, EWSR1-CHOP融合;⑺胃肠道恶性神经外胚层肿瘤:大多数存在EWSR1-ATF1或EWSR1-CREB1融合;⑻硬化性上皮样纤维肉瘤:存在EWSR1-CREB3L1,EWSR1-CREB3L3和EWSR1-SMAD3 [3, 4, 7, 8 ]。
此外,EWSR1融合也可出现于非软组织肿瘤,包括涎腺癌(EWSR1-ATF1),非小细胞肺癌(EWSR1-EMID1),乳腺癌(EWSR1-RASL10A; EWSR1-MTMR3),膀胱癌(EWSR1-SLC25A37),前列腺癌(EWSR1-GAS2L1),头颈部肿瘤(EWSR1-ATF1; EWSR1-FLI1; EWSR1-KLF15; EWSR1-KLF17; EWSR1-PBX3), 透明细胞癌(EWSR1-CREM),间皮瘤(EWSR1-ATF1; EWSR1-YY1)和骨髓增生性肿瘤(EWSR1-MYB) [9-12]。
正确的诊断是治疗的基础,随着二代测序应用于临床疑难病例的鉴别诊断,越来越多诊断类融合基因被发现,如EWSR1,TFE3,FUS,USP6,HMGA2,FOXO1,BCOR,CIC,DUX4,SSX1,PAX3等融合基因以及其各种类型的融合伙伴,使得越来越多疑难病例患者得到正确精准的治疗,从而延长总生存时间并获益。因此具有针对性的、全面的二代测序技术有着巨大的前景和临床应用价值,值得重视。
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